Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence by mimicking the complex functions of the human brain within AI systems. Understanding the fundamentals of ANNs is crucial for grasping their potential in various applications, from computer vision to natural language processing. This article delves into the intricate structure and functioning of artificial neural networks, explores the learning mechanisms that drive their capabilities, and discusses the challenges and future directions in this evolving field of research. By comparing ANNs with human brain functions, we can uncover both the similarities and differences that shape the development and utilization of these powerful AI tools.